Substance Abuse and the Related Problems

Abstract Substance abuse is one of the key problems that the contemporary society is facing. Though the rates of substance abuse have varied throughout the last decade, they remain dangerously high.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Substance Abuse and the Related Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While traditionally, the desire to belong to a specific subculture or a mini-society within their social environment is identified as the key factor pushing adolescents to developing a substance abuse problem, in reality, these factors are much more diverse. A close consideration of the social background and the self-identity issues of drinking adolescents will help identify the causes of the problem and provide a viable solution to it. Substance Abuse and the Related Problems: The Price for a Moment of Dubious Pleasure Using various substances for achieving artificial highs is, unfortunately, a very comm on practice in the contemporary society. Though discouraged by society with the help of a range of PSAs broadcasted in both traditional and modern media, substance abuse retains its popularity, particularly, among adolescents. True, the rates of alcohol abuse have dropped slightly over 2012 (from 34.50% in 2011 to 32.40% in 2012 (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2013)), as well as the rates of tobacco use and illicit drugs (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2013). The use of hallucinogens, though, has increased, according to the official statistics (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2013). LSD also maintains its relatively high position on the list (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2013). Since most adolescents resort to drinking for the sake of seeking a cheap thrill and the necessity to â€Å"fit in,† and abuse drugs in search for the outlet of their stress and frustration, as well as stress resulting from low self-esteem and misinformation about substances, it is reasona ble to suggest an intervention that combines both the awareness raising strategies and the self-esteem improving ones, including the practices that will lead to a bonding process between adolescents and their family members. Though both drinking and using drugs falls under the category of substance abuse, it should be noted that either of the habits requires a specific environment to be developed in. True, a range of drug addicts are also dependable on alcohol (Howlett, 2012); however, being an alcoholic does not necessarily trigger experiments with drugs (Howlett, 2012). As a rule, several scenarios for developing each of the issues exist.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A drinking issue among adolescents stems, as a rule, from the phenomenon known as teenage binge drinking (TBD). Used as the means to seek thrill or enhance communication with peers, TBD often leads to devel oping a harmful habit, which would later on define the course of the adolescent’s life and trigger more severe problems, including alcoholism (Wechsler, Lee, Nelson Kuo, 2012). However, at some points, the reasons for the acquisition of the habit of drinking cross with those of indulging in doing drugs. Thrill-seeking behavior is one of these reasons; social escapism is the other one. Much like drug abuse, the consumption of alcoholic beverage leads to a temporary amnesia and, therefore, provides the possibility to forget about problems for a while. Though an adolescent may be aware of the drastic consequences that await them, the relief is in most cases too tempting to defy it (Wechsler et al., 2012). Finally, the lack of parental support and the unwillingness of the parents to reconsider their relationships with the adolescent may become the key reason for the latter to start drinking. The last, but definitely not the least, this is one of the aggravating factors that must be removed fast. As long as the patient receives enough support from family or any other people, who affect the patient’s life, the chances for a recovery remain quite high. The causes for drug abuse, on the other hand, vary to the point where two different reasons for using drugs may turn out to be the exact opposite of each other. For example, some sources point at high stress rates as the possible reason for an adolescent to start using substances (Howlett, 2012). Other sources mention the need for a thrill as a probable factor (Howlett, 2012); seeing how the lack of thrill defines a rather steady life and the lack of stressful factors, the specified cause can be viewed as the opposite of the one previously mentioned. In addition, misinformation is often identified as one of the basic factors leading to drug abuse. In other words, the notorious idea of a single pill not having any tangible effect triggers a major chemical dependency. The rates of awareness regarding the t hreat of drug use among the U.S. adolescents are more than upsetting.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Substance Abuse and the Related Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When it comes to drinking, the effect of the parental support, or the lack thereof, comes out in full blue. In addition, family background means a lot to adolescents; though they might consider themselves fully independent from their parents, the influence of the latter still defines the behavior of young adults. Seeing their parents drink and, therefore, defining subconsciously such behavior as assertive, they start using heavy liquor as the means of escapism, communication, etc. (Howlett, 2012). Finally, the culture- and gender-related diagnostic markers of alcoholism and drug abuse in adolescents must be mentioned (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). It is an established fact that women are more prone to developing alcohol ism than men (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), though, when it comes to drug abuse, the chances for both genders to become highly dependent on illegal substances are very high (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). While it would be wrong to claim that the development of drug and alcohol abuse in teenagers requires co-morbid factors, one still have to admit that, in a range of cases, the reasons for teenagers resort to drugs or alcohol are pretty similar. Of all the factors mentioned above, lack of proper communication with parents, peer pressure, social ostracism or the fear thereof, and depression (which itself may be triggered by a variety of social factors) must be listed. There is no need to stress that substance abuse leads to a major identity crisis. According to Erikson’s theory of development, a person evolves in an unceasing process (Schwarz, 2008).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, with such major obstacles as substance abuse and the following problems with memory, cognition, etc., a person ceases to acquire the necessary information and use it in their later experiences. In other words, the destruction of a person’s self commences (Wechsler et al., 2012). Numbing their emotional experiences with alcohol or drugs, adolescents put a stop to their cognitive development; by neglecting the social norms, they defy their moral development; as a result, adolescents abusing substances get stuck on particular stages of their emotional, cognitive and social development, blocking their way to any further progress. The analysis and reconsideration of the patient’s self-identity must be the key priority in addressing the issue of substance abuse (Wechsler et al., 2012). Consequently, a Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can be used as the basic strategy for dealing with the issue because of its focus on the cognitive aspect of the patient’s personality development (Schwartz, 2008). The role of family in the life of an adolescent is not to be underrated, either. For the therapy sessions to be especially successful, it is desirable that the relationships between the patient and their parents should be improved, if possible. It is important that an adolescent drug or alcohol addict should have the support of their family when getting rid of their dependency on substances. As the means to encourage the adolescent with a drinking and/or substance abuse problem for communication with their family members and, therefore, getting the support that the adolescent in question requires, it will be necessary to adopt Motivational Interviewing strategy (MI) (Miller Rose, 2009). In order to defeat their substance abuse issue, an adolescent must recognize the problem on their own and come to a conscious conclusion regarding the necessity to fight it. Hence, MI should be used as the tool for convincing the patient to mend their ways. Though the statistics on substance abuse among adolescents in the U.S. have not grown much over the past few years, they still remain dangerously high. Since adolescent drinking and substance abuse in general affects the perception of their self and, therefore, the further personal and cognitive development, it is imperative that the problem of adolescent substance abuse should be addressed. By incorporating the theories of Cognitive Development and Motivational Interviewing into the therapy sessions, one must attain success in reducing the rates of adolescent drinking and drug abuse. Reference List American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Howlett, K. D. (2012). Understanding sand treating adolescent substance abuse: A preliminary review. Focus: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry, 10(3), 293–299. Miller, W. R. Rose, G. S. (2009). Toward a theory of motivation al interviewing. American Psychologist, 64(6), 527–537. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2013). National Survey of drug use and health. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/national-survey-drug-use-health Schwartz, S. J. (2008). Self and identity in early adolescence: Some reflections and an introduction to the special issue. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 28(1), 5-9. Wechsler, H., Lee, J. E., Nelson, T. F. Kuo, M. (2012). Underage college students’ drinking behavior, access to alcohol, and the influence of deterrence policies findings from the Harvard School of Public Health College alcohol study. Journal of American College Health, 50(5), 223–236. This research paper on Substance Abuse and the Related Problems was written and submitted by user PuppetMaster to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Before and After essays

Before and After essays Everyone knows the biblical story of David and Goliath; how the young, faith-driven shepherd alone and with only a sling and stone slew the giant Philistine warrior Goliath and brought victory to Israel. Its a tale cherished by Christians and Jews alike and throughout history has been immortalized in all areas of artistry. Probably the most recognizable and praised works representing the story were done in sculpture by the Early Renaissance artist Donatello and the High Renaissance artist Michelangelo (both of which are not to be confused with the fictional, sewer inhabiting, kung fu turtle-teens). However, though both sculptures greatly illustrate their makers mastery of statuary and are considered exquisite images of the biblical hero David, both Michelangelo and Donatellos David are extremely contrast in interpretation. Even at a first glance, it isnt difficult to tell a difference in the statues. Though both depict David as a young and fair looking lad dressed without modesty in his birthday suit, there truly isnt much of a comparison in the overall form and scale of the statues. Donatellos David is a life-sized figure made from smooth and lustrous brass that relies on light reflections to create its muscles. He is petite and appears quite feminine in his vertical contrapasto and long curly hair. That femininity makes the sculpture look like a young child that is more realistic based on the Bible. On the other hand, Michelangelos David is a massive figure (much larger than life-sized) created from raw marble, which leaves no shine and relies on shadow to create its depth and form. Michelangelos David resembles a strong, sturdy, and very masculine young man that has a more diagonal contrapasto implying muscle tension in the figure (perhaps signifying the action to come). Ultimately, Donate llo in his statue ap...

Archaism - Definition and Examples

Archaism s An archaism is a word or phrase (or a particular meaning of a word or phrase) that is no longer in common use and is considered extremely old-fashioned. Etymology:  From the Greek, ancient, beginning Pronunciation:  ARE-kay-i-zem Also Known  As:  lexical zombie A  grammatical archaism  is a sentence structure or word order thats no longer in common use in most dialects.   Linguist Tom McArthur notes that literary archaism occurs when a style is modeled on older works, so as to revive earlier practices or achieve the desired effect. (Source: Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language, 2005) Examples The old man raised the axe and split the head of John Joel Glanton to the thrapple.(Source: Cormac McCarthy, Blood Meridian, 1985)[Nick Faldo] speaks in a jaunty, clipped, wised-up vernacular, mixing street-smart patter with solid analysis. His vocabulary is rich in curious archaisms- jeepers, crumbs, gee- and eccentric asides.(Source: Jason Cowley, Nicks Second Coming. The Guardian, Oct. 1, 2006) 19th-Century Archaisms We do not have to go back as far as Elizabethan English or the Middle Ages to encounter archaisms. Here are some from the Victorian and Edwardian eras: beastly (as in so beastly critical) blest, deuced (if I know) capital! (as an exclamation of delight) very civil (of you) confound you! damnable cheek guvnor luncheon pray (come in) (you) rotter spiffing And might we not say that daddy-o is an archaism, even though it was alive and well in the 1960s? (Source: David Crystal, Words, Words, Words. Oxford University Press, 2006) 20th-Century Archaisms Among the technological archaisms Ive had to explain to the Tuned In children- what a record is, why they call it dialing a phone, the fact that, once, you couldnt rewind TV shows- is the fact that, a long time ago, musicians used to make little movies of their songs, and people would watch them on TV. (James Poniewozik, Wake Up and Smell the Cat Food in Your Bank Account. Time magazine, May 2, 2007) Stuff It is rather odd to see that the OED [Oxford English Dictionary] defines the word care as some kind of stuff. This seems at first glance to be a rather nonspecific definition to find in what is arguably the greatest dictionary ever created. But it is actually very specific- just a bit archaic. The word stuff has had a variety of meanings through the ages, and at the time that this definition was written, in 1888, it referred to (among other things) a woollen fabric or material for the gown worn by a junior counsel.(Source: Ammon Shea, Dated Definitions. The New York Times, Aug. 12, 2009) Archaisms and Register It should be added . . . that there is a problem with the identification of archaism, since archaisms are  sometimes not archaic in the register in which they are used. For example, thee and thou are not archaic forms in a certain type of poetic register; they are archaic only in relation to our contemporary day-to-day speech. Thus the use of an archaism can be interpreted as either conforming to a register or looking back to the past (or both). . . . Only by using a dictionary such as the OED, which is a historical dictionary, giving the meanings of words over time, will you be able to find out whether certain words were current or archaic at the time of writing.​  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(Source: Martin Montgomery et al.,  Ways of Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature, 3rd ed. Routledge, 2007) The Lighter Side of Archaisms Frank Rossitano: Yo Tray, we got a problem. Tracy Jordan as President Thomas Jefferson: Pray, who be this Tracy Jordan thou speakest of? Frank: Eh, President Jefferson, we got a problem. Tracy: Speaketh. Frank Rossitano: That horse ate your wig. Tracy: Well, stand guard by his rump and await it in his droppings.(Source: Judah Friedlander and Tracy Morgan in Corporate Crush. 30 Rock, 2007)

News Corporation Near Collapse (1990) & Recovery Essay

News Corporation Near Collapse (1990) & Recovery - Essay Example This may have been partly due to the fact that, at the time there was a sharp advertising recession, the worst in two decades (Roger Cohan 1990). The situation was that News Corporation was saddled with massive debts. Alex Burns (2002) reported that Murdoch's News Corp, which remains precariously afloat, had a colossal $11 billion in debt worldwide, nearly four times the annual turnover of the entire newspaper industry in Australia. In an effort to save the business a refinancing plan was put in place, but at the last minute, one small bank in Pittsburgh refused to go along with the scheme, demanding repayment of a $10 million loan. (Stephen Galloway and Paula Parisi, 2005) The task we have set ourselves within this document is to look at four key areas. Firstly to ascertain where the origins of responsibility for the crisis lay. Secondly to investigate how the crisis position was resolved without resorting to the irretrievable act of bankruptcy, and thirdly we will endeavour to examine how, when other notable media giants have failed, Murdoch was able to escape. Finally we shall discover how Murdoch has been able to revitalise the fortunes of News Corporation, successfully transforming itself into one of the top five hundred global TNC's2 Behind every corporate disaster, there is inevitably an attempt to apportion blame. With the News Corporation situation, the majority of financial media and other experts tended to place most of the blame at the feet of the management. But others were just as culpable. Management's role Rupert Murdoch is that inveterate breed, a corporate gambler. He thrives on risks and the bigger the stakes, the bigger the buzz and the bigger the payout. (Stuart Crainer.1999). In the 1980's he spent considerable amounts on acquisitions for his empire. Whilst the risks he took at that time are reaping benefit now, at the time they would, to any conservative financier, have seemed unacceptable. Perhaps a better example of how Murdoch chooses to live and do business comes in the events, which led up to the great credit crunch of 1990. These began in Murdoch's American acquisition spree of the middle 1980s. He bought the 20th Century Fox network in the US in 1985, the Metromedia chain of television stations the same year, and then in 1986 launched Fox, the first national TV network since 1959. He didn't have the money to pay for all of this, so he raised it by revaluing his company under Australian accounting3 rules, raising its worth from $166 million to $1.6 billion (Lanchester) The most costly corporate move Murdoch made in the late eighties was the investment in Sky. At that stage it was an enormous drain on the businesses cash resources. At the time the satellite subsidiary was posting substantial year on year losses. Despite Murdoch's somewhat dubious adeptness at moving funds around the various and numerous group subsidiaries to cover overextended cash flow positions, Sky had a cash thirst which could not be quenched without dramatically impacting on News Corporations liquidity, seriously reducing its ability to cover other commitments. Thus when the time came to repay $2 billion of bank debt, there were insufficient resources available to meet these contracted commitments. It is apparent from all the researches

Motivational Problem Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivational Problem - Term Paper Example Brown noted that she could be a supervisor within five years. After three years however, Ms. Brown retired and was replaced by Susan Rodgers, previously a Manager of Customer Service from a competitive health care organization. Ms. Rodgers manifested a leadership style that is autocratic and task oriented. She focused on adherence to policies and procedures, particularly in emphasizing sanctions for violating these policies. She did not recognize Angel’s exemplary performance and instead, criticized her openly and negatively. Ms. Rodgers, was a friend of Carrie Fischer, Angel’s colleague, her contemporary in terms of serving the same length of service but who showed lower productivity and performance than Angel. Ms. Rodgers promoted Carrie to the supervisor for the department, much to Angel’s surprise. From then on, Angel manifested a lack enthusiasm for her work, opted to become absent as much as she can, and failed to manifest the same level of performance duri ng the time when Ms. Brown headed the department. Theory of Motivation Using Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory (Herzberg, 1996), it could be deduced that Ms. Rodgers failed to provide motivational factors such as the need to recognize achievement, responsibility, growth and professional advancement through exhibiting her leadership style. Frederick Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory suggests that the factors involved in producing job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. By focusing more on company policies, supervision, sanctions for violations of policies, Ms. Rodgers provided hygiene factors that must be present to prevent dissatisfaction but are limited in their potential to provide a positive incentive. Likewise, by promoting Carrie Fisher, she exhibited unfair ability for just and reliable performance evaluation that contributed to low morale and low productivity for Angel, and possible to the other customer serv ice staff. Theory to Describe an Intervention To motivate employees, particularly Angel, in this situation, the theory that could be used to address the dilemma is also the motivation-hygiene theory by focusing instead on the motivators. Angel should opt to elevate her concern to higher management in terms of questioning the decision of Ms. Rodgers to promote Carrie Fisher instead of her. Her performance evaluation, as proven during the time of Ms. Brown would attest her superiority over Carrie. However, she should be warned not to be demotivated and not to absent herself from work. Doing so would compromise her performance and indicate a negative feedback and would justify Ms. Rodger’s promoting Carrie. Management should effectively evaluate the problem and focus on motivating their personnel through recognizing the employees’ exemplary performance, providing opportunities for personal and professional growth through just and equitable promotions; which are all consis tent with Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory. Likewise, Herzberg actually proposed job enrichment strategies (Herzberg, 1981) by making the job challenging and meaningful. Herzberg’s model is deemed to be more specific in providing a framework by which these needs can be satisfied in the work setting.

The immortality of the soul and ressurection of the body Essay Example for Free

The immortality of the soul and ressurection of the body Essay 1. Compare and contrast the immortality of the soul and the resurrection of the body. The concept of the immortality of the soul is a dualist one, meaning that the body and soul are two separate entities. Whereas resurrection of the body is the opposite believing that one cannot necessarily live without the other. People that accept the idea of immortality of the soul believe that the soul is separate from the body and that when we die the soul will live on making it immortal. Resurrection of the body however differs because the body and soul are together and when you die both will be resurrected. Plate is a dualist and he believes the soul is not of this world but another where there are perfect forms of everything on earth. He uses the allegory of to demonstrate this idea. Prisoners are bound in a cave and cannot look out the mouth of the cave. Behind them is a fire casting shadows onto the wall they are facing. They believe these shadows to be reality. One then is released and he is blinded by the real world. He sees the perfection of the world and realises his previous thoughts were wrong. When he tells the prisoners in the cave about what he has seen the do not believe him, because they have not yet experienced it. This is like our souls. They want to be realised into the higher world of perfection because they desire greater things. Renà © Descartes is also a dualist. Cartesian dualism, as his views are now known, centre around the famous statement, â€Å"I think therefore I am.† Our body is just a case for the machine and it is only because our soul is conscious that our body is alive. Gilbert Rile compares this to a â€Å"ghost in the machine†, implying that our body is just a machine and our body makes us aware. Saint Thomas Aquinas shares a similar view referring to the soul as â€Å"anima.† This means animation, believing that the soul animates the body and gives us our characteristics and personalities. Resurrection of the body is very different from immortality of the soul. With this idea the body is needed for a person to live on. This is a very Christian belief because of the Bibles reference to it. On judgement day Jesus will come and those who have lived lives according to the law of God will be resurrected in a new heaven and new Earth. The resurrection of the body is spoken about by many writers in the Bible, including St Paul. There are also examples, with the most famous being Jesus rising on the third day and Jesus bringing a girl back to life after saying she was only â€Å"sleeping.† John Hick has a slightly different variation of resurrection of the body, and postulates his â€Å"replica theory.† Hick suggests that when we die our body and soul our lost, and that God, the omnipotent being, creates an exact replica of us in heaven. This replica can be recognised by our family and friends because we are no different. 1. To what extent is one of these a more convincing concept that the other Both, immortality of the soul and resurrection of the body, have their problems. Immortality of the soul has been challenged by many empiricists such as A.J Ayer and Richard Dawkins because of their idea of a soul. Biologist Dawkins ask where this soul is, it cannot be found in the body and therefore we have no proof for its existence, and if it does not exist then it cannot be immortal implying that there is no life after death. Another problem facing the soul is when a human receives one. Aquinas suggested men get one after 40 days after conception and women after 60; however, again there is no proof for this idea. Rene Descartes also has challenges with his statement â€Å"I think therefore I am.† With some clever word swapping the idea of â€Å"I am therefore I think† was suggested by another philosopher, arguing that the only reason that you are conscious is because exist not because a soul has appeared in your body, we have evolved to think. Resurrection of the soul has some major difficulties also. There is no proof for a life after death, naturally because no one has come back and told us. Also, Despite the Bible having numerous accounts of resurrection, the Bible is not a reliable source that can be taken literally because of some of the other ideas and concepts within it. There is also the question of what happens to those who are dead and judgement day has not come, do they wait in some form of purgatory. Heaven and hell have no empirical evidence either so there is no reason to assume people are there. Hick’s replica theory is arguable the weakest of all the ideas. In his concept God recreates an exact replica of the person that died, but why, if he is God, does it need to be a replica, if he is omnipotent should he not be able to resurrect our body? This is in a way not a life after death because the original person is dead and it is not their body that has lived on. However, it is not so much a question of whether which concept is more convincing than the other, it is more does a life after death actually exist, or have we created one? Has the human race just feared the ceasing of existence, and so to try and give hope and reason to a miserable existence? Or was it created by those who wish to keep the people in order, by making them live in fear of a hell and by giving them a reward for being good, they could create a form of social control.

Jonas Salk :: essays research papers

Jonas Salk was born in New York City. His parents were Russian-Jewish immigrants who, although they themselves lacked formal education, were determined to see their children succeed, and encouraged them to study hard. Jonas Salk was the first member of his family to go to college. He entered the City College of New York intending to study law, but soon became intrigued by medical science. While attending medical school at New York University, Salk was invited to spend a year researching influenza. The virus that causes flu had only recently been discovered and the young Salk was eager to learn if the virus could be deprived of its ability to infect, while still giving immunity to the illness. Salk succeeded in this attempt, which became the basis of his later work on polio. After completing medical school and his internship, Salk returned to the study of influenza, the flu virus. World War II had begun, and public health experts feared a replay of the flu epidemic that had killed mil lions in the wake of the First World War. The development of vaccines controlled the spread of flu after the war and the epidemic of 1919 did not recur. In 1947, Salk accepted an appointment to the University Of Pittsburgh Medical School. While working there, with the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, Salk saw an opportunity to develop a vaccine against polio, and devoted himself to this work for the next eight years. In 1955 Salk's years of research paid off. Human trials of the polio vaccine effectively protected the subject from the polio virus. When news of the discovery was made public on April 12, 1955, Salk was hailed as a miracle worker. He further endeared himself to the public by refusing to patent the vaccine. He had no desire to profit personally from the discovery, but merely wished to see the vaccine disseminated as widely as possible. Salk's vaccine was composed of "killed" polio virus, which retained the ability to immunize without running the risk of infecting the patient. A few years later, a vaccine made from live polio virus was developed, which could be administered orally, while Salk's vaccine required injection. Further, there was some evidence that the "killed" vaccine failed to completely immunize the patient. In the U.S., public health authorities elected to distribute the "live" oral vaccine instead of Salk's. Tragically, the preparation of live virus infected some patients with the disease, rather than immunizing them. Jonas Salk :: essays research papers Jonas Salk was born in New York City. His parents were Russian-Jewish immigrants who, although they themselves lacked formal education, were determined to see their children succeed, and encouraged them to study hard. Jonas Salk was the first member of his family to go to college. He entered the City College of New York intending to study law, but soon became intrigued by medical science. While attending medical school at New York University, Salk was invited to spend a year researching influenza. The virus that causes flu had only recently been discovered and the young Salk was eager to learn if the virus could be deprived of its ability to infect, while still giving immunity to the illness. Salk succeeded in this attempt, which became the basis of his later work on polio. After completing medical school and his internship, Salk returned to the study of influenza, the flu virus. World War II had begun, and public health experts feared a replay of the flu epidemic that had killed mil lions in the wake of the First World War. The development of vaccines controlled the spread of flu after the war and the epidemic of 1919 did not recur. In 1947, Salk accepted an appointment to the University Of Pittsburgh Medical School. While working there, with the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, Salk saw an opportunity to develop a vaccine against polio, and devoted himself to this work for the next eight years. In 1955 Salk's years of research paid off. Human trials of the polio vaccine effectively protected the subject from the polio virus. When news of the discovery was made public on April 12, 1955, Salk was hailed as a miracle worker. He further endeared himself to the public by refusing to patent the vaccine. He had no desire to profit personally from the discovery, but merely wished to see the vaccine disseminated as widely as possible. Salk's vaccine was composed of "killed" polio virus, which retained the ability to immunize without running the risk of infecting the patient. A few years later, a vaccine made from live polio virus was developed, which could be administered orally, while Salk's vaccine required injection. Further, there was some evidence that the "killed" vaccine failed to completely immunize the patient. In the U.S., public health authorities elected to distribute the "live" oral vaccine instead of Salk's. Tragically, the preparation of live virus infected some patients with the disease, rather than immunizing them.

The economics problems that result from allowing vehicles to use roads in towns and cities free of charge

Allowing vehicles to use roads free of charge in towns and cities means that motorists do not have to pay when they enter or leave towns of cities. An example of charging is road pricing. The first major problem that will be caused from allowing people to use their vehicles free of charge is people will more than likely only consider his or her marginal cost (change in total cost when extra distance is travelled) of the journey they are making. Having no charge is likely to mean that people will find it cheaper to travel a short distance by car than to use public transport. Because of this and the fact that cars are usually more convenient and more comfortable, more people are going to use their cars in cities and towns. This means that that marginal social costs are going to be greater then marginal private costs, meaning negative externalities are gong to exists. The negative externalities that may be caused if it is free to use towns and cities free of charge are as follows. Probably the most significant is pollution. Heavy traffic flow in the towns and cities is going to cause heavy emissions such as carbon monoxide to be given off. This may lead to more people being diagnosed with asthma or more people having to use doctors and hospitals because of breathing difficulties due to the pollution from the cars. This puts and extra strain on the health services in the towns and cities and means that they will probably require more money from the government to help these people. If this is happening in several towns and cities, the government may have to increase taxes so they can pay for the extra health services required due to the pollution. This would be hugely unpopular with the people. The government may not have to raise taxes by a large amount; they may enforce tax cut incentives if people use low emission cars and marginally raise car ta xes on cars that give off a lot of emissions. This may be more popular but it also may place an extra burden on poorer people who can't afford to buy newer ‘cleaner' cars. Also read this  Cheating in a Bottom Line Economy A second externality that will lead to economic problems are if there are more cars on the road in towns and cities due to it being free to use the roads, then it can be argued it is more likely for people that there will be more road accidents. If this is the case then it is more than likely that insurance premiums will have to go up because of the compensation the insurance companies are paying out. If the insurance premiums go up by a substantial amount then I could have the affect of increasing cost for businesses. This could be a real extra burden for small businesses and for poorer people who have to use their cars to get to and from work. A third problem that may be caused if roads in towns and cities are free to use is that of a gridlock at peak times. This causes the negative externalities of people having longer journey times, which may affect businesses and people getting to work. This can add to the problems of pollution because people may be stuck in the traffic jams for a long period with their engines switched on. Businesses such as courier firms may be really affected because they have do their deliveries in the quickest time possible, and so if they are constantly being slowed up my excess traffic their customers may look for different methods to transport their products. However it is unlikely to affect businesses too much because gridlocks and real heavy traffic only really occurs during peak times, but it is still likely to have an effect on pollution. Governments would want to reduce the use of cars in urban areas to the extent at which marginal social costs equal marginal social benefits. If left to the market as showed below in the diagram, people would use their cars to the point where marginal social benefits equal marginal private costs. To make MSC equal MSB the road users would have to bear the cost of internalising the externalities. On the diagram this is shown by the line in red. The first policy that a government could adopt is that of road pricing. This means that vehicle owners would have to pay to use the roads in urban areas. This could be in the form of motorists purchasing a licence which could be displayed in there windows and then policed by traffic wardens. The other way and possibly more effective solution is an electronic system. This could be in the form where cars are fitted with electronic devices which would be activated by beacons that are places as you enter the towns or cities. You could be sent a bill monthly. The first problem road pricing is setting a price that would actually reduce the use of cars in urban areas. The price elasticity of car journeys is hugely inelastic. This has been proved in terms of taxes. Motorists are very heavily taxed mainly through petrol. For every pound spent on fuel for cars, around 80p of it is tax. This is a huge amount and shows that people are willing to pay high prices in order to use their cars. So for road pricing to be affective and reduce Q to Qx the road price would have to be relatively high. However having a very high road price could affect the people who really need to use their cars in urban places the worst. If road users are using their cars for work, they are more than likely to pass the cost of the road price on to their employers. This will increase the costs to firms and if they have a lot of employees which they have to pay for it could cause them to have to raise their prices, this makes not only the businesses worse off but the general public. However to the extent that firms have to increase their prices by, depends on how big the firms are and how many workers they who they have to pay their road costs for. More than likely it would be the smaller firms who see themselves having to put their prices up. Road pricing would provide a substantial amount of revenue for the governments, how ever would probably we a large initial outlay install the technology and it may also be expensive to maintain. However once up and running the revenues gained from the road pricing could be used to improve the public transport in the urban areas. Road pricing does come with further problems, to stop large traffic movements in off peak times a tear system of payment would have to be used whereby you pay the most at peak time, then either side of peak time you pay a slightly lower figure and so on. This would only be effective if the system was completely electronic. There is also the argument of equity. The government would have to try and decide whether to charge people who live in the areas and if they do, it could cause huge resentment towards the government. A second policy which the government may adopt is that of taxing car parking spaces in the urban areas. This was proposed in 1998 by the government. Taxing car parking spaces would involve all spaces in the cities and towns and also spaces provided by firms for employees and customers being taxed. The goal of this is to discourage people and employees bringing their cars into urban areas. Again the problem of taxing the spaces is that the prices would have to be   extremely high in order to discourage, because the price elasticity of demand of peoples journeys in cars is so inelastic. The high taxes on the car parking spaces would further add to the cost of businesses, especially those who have to have car parks. The high taxes could cause firms to have to raise their prices or if they couldn't do that, they may have to lay workers off. Also if firms are bearing the costs of the taxes it is unlikely that workers would car and so still use their cars. It would then be down to the firms to enforce workers not bringing their cars to work. Taxing car parking spaces could encourage firms to move out of the urban areas and out increased pressure on the controversial development of the countryside. For both policies the government would almost certainly have to improve public transport, this would have to be done before the new policies could be used. This means that a huge amount of money would have to be used to pay for the improvements without having any additional revenues coming in. The successfulness of these policies in both cases depends on getting either the road price and taxes at a high enough level to discourage people and firms using their cars. Too low will mean that it will basically have no affect on traffic in urban areas and so the cost of setting it all up would have been a waste of money but also set too high it could have a huge consequence for firms and especially on small businesses.

My Clothes

Clothes can tell a lot about a person. As we all know that clothes are very important thing which can describe our personality. In order to describe ourselves we always make sure that our clothes are perfect. The are a lot of examples can tell about someone judging from the clothes he or she wears. Let’s say for example, when you are going to job interview and wear t-shirt with jeans, this would make a bad impression about you. For job interview you should be wearing something formal like a black suit. Take, for instance the colors of clothes.The colors is very important thing because each color have meaning. To be more clear, the black color is the most misunderstood color. A black tie dinner is very formal and elegant. Women can wear that â€Å"must have little black dress† to the black tie dinner. Also the color white the color of purity. Brides wear white in many countries, because white symbolizes a virgin. White means kindness. In some cultures white is worn at fu nerals. A final example is that in every place or event you must be careful about what you are wearing.For instance, when you want to go to consolation you shouldn’t be wearing something with brightly colors or wearing a lot of jewelry, you can do that things you are going to party or to celebrates with friends. We must be careful to choose the clothes that really represents us and that sometimes or some places have a different type of clothes which you should be wearing. Finally, always make sure that you wear the perfect thing because people will judge you from your clothes.

Free Essays on Bank Magagement

The goal for using the computer-generated model is to predict with some kind of certainty whether the bank your managing is going to succeed. The model calculates the different levels and sources of income along with the expenditures for a given bank, with taking into consideration the market and its interest rates. By adjusting the different levels of inputs and outputs, you try to see through speculation where and how to allocate your funds assuming you have a certain number of deposits, to make your bank successful. When a bank manager tries to model a hypothetical bank they must first take into consideration the history of the market. By viewing all the financial aspects from the following year such as the term structure of interest rate, interest rate margins, the GDP, inflation, and the federal policy they can get an idea of where the economy will be heading. The term structure of interest rates shows the association between interest rates on bonds of different maturities. If the term structure graph or the yield curve is inverted or flat it is a sign that the economy will be slowing down or heading into a recession. When the fed announces a decrease in interest rates it usually shows a slow down in the economy or recession. This causes the credit spreads to widen, but if the fed announces an increase the spreads tend to compress, which indicates a lower level of default risk, and an economic recovery. Understanding and foreseeing where the economy is heading is very important. Once they have realized where the economy will head whether good or bad, they must then take the necessary steps to ensure that the bank will succeed to its greatest potential. If the future economy was seen to be heading towards a recession or a slow down, then the managers would prefer to become more liquid. Purchasing treasury securities will enhance their amount of liquidity, but the amount of treasuries purchased greatly depends on the amount of r... Free Essays on Bank Magagement Free Essays on Bank Magagement The goal for using the computer-generated model is to predict with some kind of certainty whether the bank your managing is going to succeed. The model calculates the different levels and sources of income along with the expenditures for a given bank, with taking into consideration the market and its interest rates. By adjusting the different levels of inputs and outputs, you try to see through speculation where and how to allocate your funds assuming you have a certain number of deposits, to make your bank successful. When a bank manager tries to model a hypothetical bank they must first take into consideration the history of the market. By viewing all the financial aspects from the following year such as the term structure of interest rate, interest rate margins, the GDP, inflation, and the federal policy they can get an idea of where the economy will be heading. The term structure of interest rates shows the association between interest rates on bonds of different maturities. If the term structure graph or the yield curve is inverted or flat it is a sign that the economy will be slowing down or heading into a recession. When the fed announces a decrease in interest rates it usually shows a slow down in the economy or recession. This causes the credit spreads to widen, but if the fed announces an increase the spreads tend to compress, which indicates a lower level of default risk, and an economic recovery. Understanding and foreseeing where the economy is heading is very important. Once they have realized where the economy will head whether good or bad, they must then take the necessary steps to ensure that the bank will succeed to its greatest potential. If the future economy was seen to be heading towards a recession or a slow down, then the managers would prefer to become more liquid. Purchasing treasury securities will enhance their amount of liquidity, but the amount of treasuries purchased greatly depends on the amount of r...

Capitalization of Gender in Edna Millays Essay Example for Free

Capitalization of Gender in Edna Millay’s Essay The sonnet has experienced many modifications and innovations throughout the ages. Edna St. Vincent Millay’s â€Å"I, Being Born a Woman and Distressed† and Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s â€Å"Sonnet 43†, both Petrarchan sonnets, have diversified and helped pave the way for future female poets. In order to address and capitalize on ideas of gender connected to sonnet form and content, Edna Millay and Elizabeth Browning both revolutionize the traditional male-dominated sonnet form as females, Browning expresses overly sentimental and passionate emotion through content and Millay contradicts the social norm of female sexuality as well through content. Millay and Browning revolt against the male-dominated sonnet. Popular among prominent male poets, the sonnet was deemed unworthy for females, as men were far more educated and capable of fulfilling its high standards and strict guidelines. Both poets proved common beliefs wrong by excelling in the sonnet form. They used the Petrarchan sonnet, playing close attention to rhyme scheme and using iambic pentameter. They even incorporated the Volta between the octave and sestet, while using the first three lines in the sestet to introduce the change in tone and the last three lines in the sestet to conclude, invariably identical to the traditional Italian sonnet. At a time where women did not even have the right to vote, Millay and Browning both struggled to find a place in poetry writing, especially the sonnet form in which their predecessors were all male. The literary cannon and the Romantic Era consisted of all male poets who directed the sonnets to their lovers in regard to express their profound appreciation. Love has been the preferred sonnet theme since the 1300’s when the sonnet was created and both, Millay and Browning, stuck with the same traditional concept of love and lust as their topic. Being one of the most popular, sought out forms of poetry, the sonnet was the perfect way for nineteenth-century women to get out into the limelight and start a feminist movement. Or possibly, women poets stumbled toward the sonnet form due to its oppressive rules of rhyme scheme, structural shifts, meter and syllable count, it provided them a ready-made metaphor, suggesting difficulties in communication. Extremely restrained, the sonnet form helped make inexpressibility apparent, it therefore presented women sonneteers with an irony that revealed their circumstances of restricted speech and forced silence. Female poets, who incorporated the strict sonnet form, at a time difficult for women to freely embark in the lyric tradition, did so only to promote gender variance. Elizabeth Browning uses exceedingly sentimental emotions in her â€Å"Sonnet 43†. She either does so for ridicule or freedom for women to express themselves. By the use of such diction she is using satire and mockery of overly melodramatic reactions and feelings of a typical woman. â€Å"†¦ With my lost saints! -I love thee with the breath,/ Smiles, tears, of all my life!†¦ (12-13)†, even with the usage of several exclamation marks, she creates emphasis on the over exaggeration. In her Sonnet 43, Browning proclaims the pleasure love brings and pleads for a complete surrender to love, which seems far too corny. Or perhaps, she is just being herself, demonstrating to fellow females to be confident and unafraid of articulating and communicating your feelings. Following the thematic convention of rhyme scheme and iambic pentameter, Browning either wants to represent stereotypical females with her portrayal of unrealistic sensations or she wants to prove that even a completely feminine sonnet can create attentiveness to gender difference. Edna Millay challenges the social standards of female sexuality. Millay’s poem explores a female-centred perspective which opposes the widespread male-dominated presumptions of women. It is indeed a very sexual poem, revealing her sexual attraction and intentions to a particular man. Female sexuality was silenced in those times and rarely did women speak so openly and fearlessly of personal matters. She created a new realm of subject matters to women authors and helped support a liberated approach to life. The style of her poetry is formal with typical meter and rhyme scheme. Critics have repeatedly pointed out her bizarre connection of conventional poetic forms and structures with completely unconventional ideas and expressions. We must recognize and appreciate Millay for revealing the love ’em and leave ’em tactic normally exercised by males. However, because of the poet’s reversed gender, this strategy seems more modern, harmless and considerably humorous. There is irony and originality in a female using such rebellious content, perhaps she is scrutinizing normal male intentions, as it is regularly the women who are hurt in the end because they long for a relationship while the men are only looking for sex. The form may receive validity of tradition while the content concurrently mocks tradition. With the help of this poem she gained a reputation of a free-spirited and revolutionary social figure whose work followed her commemoration of life. Edna Millay’s poem fights for sexual freedom originally claimed by men, it fights for equality of the double standard that exists, which inhibits female sexuality and encourages male sexuality. Writing as women has led them to run â€Å"counter to† their culture and â€Å"against the grain of time† to echo Pounds’ words. Edna St. Vincent Millay’s â€Å"I, Being Born a Woman and Distressed† and Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s â€Å"Sonnet 43† redefine the standards of genre and gender norms. Millay and Browning both revolt against the regularly male sonnet form, they were attracted to its structural affinity to promote gender variance. Browning creates emphasis using ordinary female emotions, while Millay challenges normality of female sexuality. However at the same time there are distinct contrasts apparent, Browning’s poetry has a feminine quality with such passion and sentimentality while Millay’s poetry has a masculine quality, as it resists sentimentality with her ability to look beyond the status quo and her completely opposite lifestyle of love affairs. However, both poets attempt to reconcile with convention while contributing to gender capitalization, hoping to establish diversification equally valid for females. Both are icons for womanhood, both are masters of the sonnet forms and both are nurturers of ambition, independence, outspokenness and flaunting sexuality. Capitalization of Gender in Edna Millay’s. (2016, Oct 03).

Social policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Social policy - Essay Example aissez-faire, i.e., be completely inactive whether in positive or negative way, or it can be highly interventionist having a well defined pattern of action or may have just a supervisory role. A Welfare state is a channel of expression of power – â€Å"through politics and administration† (Pierson and Francis, 2006, p.16). Depending upon the existing market structure, the state decides its welfare policy. This means that welfare policy is based on the problem caused by market power, so, there is a high correlation between the prevailing market power and welfare policy of the state. Keeping this fact in mind, we will study the changing welfare policy scenario in UK corresponding to its rapidly transforming economic and social conditions between the early 1940’s to the 20th century. The journey of UK from the 18-19th century to its current stature has been immense. In the early 18th century, UK was largely an agricultural economy in which the laborers had complete decision making powers regarding work. Market power was non-existent and thus, so was state welfare. It all started with the â€Å"Industrial Revolution† (Mokyr, 1985, p.39) in the 18th century. The agricultural economy started gradually to turn into an industrial giant. The immediate consequences were â€Å"rapid migration from rural to suburban areas in search of employment, a drastic increase in population in the urban areas and thus, a total upside down juggling of existing condition.† (Pierson and Francis, 2006, pp. 20-22).Due to this rise in population, a need for proper sanitation, housing, and healthcare was felt as these were in deplorable state. Along with these, the state wanted to protect these factory workers from being exploited by the industrialists as well as from the clu tches of abject poverty. So, it decided to make its presence more emphatic. The political scenario in this period is also of immense importance as it can explain why the state implemented respective measures. During this